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Australian Electoral Law
Australian Electoral Law
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| 1 | Independent candidates are grouped together on the far right hand edge of the ballot paper, without access to the popular “tick a box” system of voting (that is, the system of being able to select a single box representing a group of candidates, rather than having to number all of the many boxes corresponding to each of the candidates, as is normally required in full preferential voting). This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 2 | CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS AND THE ROLE OF THE COURTS The High Court and judicial review of electoral legislation The Australian Constitution establishes a federal system of government comprising parliamentary government, democratic elections, responsible government, an independent High Court, the rule of law and the separation of powers. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 3 | A good example is the system of voting for the Senate. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 4 | Such debates have been particularly acute in the two geographically largest states, Queensland and Western Australia, both of which had significant rural weighting in the form of a system dividing those States into different zones, with markedly different enrolment quotas. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 5 | Queensland, after the purgative of a major Royal Commission, which heralded root and branch reform to many aspects of government, conducted a thorough inquiry into its electoral system in 1990. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 6 | In Western Australia, a similarly large and even more sparsely populated state, the Legislative Assembly adopted a close variant of that system in 2001. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 7 | In a system still based on single-member constituencies, this introduces a sharp-edge of proportionality around the magical figure of 50% of the two-party preferred vote. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 8 | But the problem for those administering the system is how far to base their predictions and notional seat allocations on past voting behavior, current opinion polls or future expectations. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 9 | In the end, perhaps the only way to ensure a perfectly proportional outcome, in a system that remains based on constituencies, would be to draw the boundaries after the event. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 10 | However, as Malcolm Mackerras argues, the Senate voting system is really only “semi-proportional” since minor parties must poll a significant primary vote to achieve the 14% quota for a normal half-Senate election, and usually only one seat per state is “up for grabs.” Increasing the number of Senators to be returned would decrease the quota, and in the long-run favor minor parties. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 11 | Compulsory preferential voting is a system where, to record a valid vote, the elector must express an order of preferences between all the candidates on offer. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 12 | Second, Australia lacks the history of blatant political discrimination, such as the “white primaries,” that inspired a system of open primaries in the United States. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 13 | The federal system involves a public subsidy paid according to the number of primary votes received at each election, subject to a minimum threshold of 4%. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 14 | The newest broadcast medium, the internet, is yet to feature prominently in Australian electoral campaigning, although much general political activity occurs via the internet.84 The present, albeit limited system of regulation of electoral and political material, is yet to be reviewed to ensure its equal application to the internet.85 Perhaps the most interesting question concerning electoral broadcasting in Australia is the manner in which private broadcasters selfregulate. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 15 | This affects Australia, like the United States, less than many nations, since it is not part of any international electoral or legal system as such, in contrast, say, to the nations of the European Union. This makes 2003 a good time to reflect and take stock of Australian electoral law. | Australian Electoral Law |
| 16 | 37) Voting system for elections for certain offices 13 Simple majority system to be used in elections for certain offices PART 2 OVERSEAS ELECTORS AND EU CITIZENS Overseas electors 14 Extension of franchise for parliamentary elections: British citizens overseas Voting and candidacy rights of EU citizens 15 Voting and candidacy rights of EU citizens PART 3 THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION Strategy and policy statement 16 Strategy and policy statement 17 Examination of duty to have regard to strategy and policy statement Membership of the Speaker’s Committee 18 Membership of the Speaker’s Committee Criminal proceedings 19 Criminal proceedings PART 4 REGULATION OF EXPENDITURE Notional expenditure of candidates and others 20 Notional expenditure: use of property etc on behalf of candidates and others 21 Codes of practice on expenses 22 Authorised persons not required to pay expenses through election agent Registration of parties etc 23 Declaration of assets and liabilities to be provided on application for registration 24 Prohibition on entities being registered political parties and recognised third parties at same time 25 Section 24: transitional provision Elections Act 2022 (c. 37) Voting system for elections for certain offices 13 Simple majority system to be used in elections for certain offices PART 2 OVERSEAS ELECTORS AND EU CITIZENS Overseas electors 14 Extension of franchise for parliamentary elections: British citizens overseas Voting and candidacy rights of EU citizens 15 Voting and candidacy rights of EU citizens PART 3 THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION Strategy and policy statement 16 Strategy and policy statement 17 Examination of duty to have regard to strategy and policy statement Membership of the Speaker’s Committee 18 Membership of the Speaker’s Committee Criminal proceedings 19 Criminal proceedings PART 4 REGULATION OF EXPENDITURE Notional expenditure of candidates and others 20 Notional expenditure: use of property etc on behalf of candidates and others 21 Codes of practice on expenses 22 Authorised persons not required to pay expenses through election agent Registration of parties etc 23 Declaration of assets and liabilities to be provided on application for registration 24 Prohibition on entities being registered political parties and recognised third parties at same time 25 Section 24: transitional provision Elections Act 2022 (c. | Great Britain Electoral Law |
| 17 | Voting system for elections for certain offices 13 Simple majority system to be used in elections for certain offices Elections for Mayor of London (1) The Greater London Authority Act 1999 is amended in accordance with subsections (2) to (5). 37) Voting system for elections for certain offices 13 Simple majority system to be used in elections for certain offices PART 2 OVERSEAS ELECTORS AND EU CITIZENS Overseas electors 14 Extension of franchise for parliamentary elections: British citizens overseas Voting and candidacy rights of EU citizens 15 Voting and candidacy rights of EU citizens PART 3 THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION Strategy and policy statement 16 Strategy and policy statement 17 Examination of duty to have regard to strategy and policy statement Membership of the Speaker’s Committee 18 Membership of the Speaker’s Committee Criminal proceedings 19 Criminal proceedings PART 4 REGULATION OF EXPENDITURE Notional expenditure of candidates and others 20 Notional expenditure: use of property etc on behalf of candidates and others 21 Codes of practice on expenses 22 Authorised persons not required to pay expenses through election agent Registration of parties etc 23 Declaration of assets and liabilities to be provided on application for registration 24 Prohibition on entities being registered political parties and recognised third parties at same time 25 Section 24: transitional provision Elections Act 2022 (c. | Great Britain Electoral Law |
| 18 | 37 Elections Act 2022 2022 CHAPTER 37 An Act to make provision about the administration and conduct of elections, including provision designed to strengthen the integrity of the electoral process and provision about the use of the simple majority system in elections for certain offices; about overseas electors; about voting and candidacy rights of EU citizens; about the designation of a strategy and policy statement for the Electoral Commission; about the membership of the Speaker’s Committee; about the Electoral Commission’s functions in relation to criminal proceedings; about financial information to be provided by a political party on applying for registration; for preventing a person being registered as a political party and being a recognised non-party campaigner at the same time; about regulation of expenditure for political purposes; about disqualification of offenders for holding elective offices; about information to be included in electronic campaigning material; and for connected purposes. 37) Voting system for elections for certain offices 13 Simple majority system to be used in elections for certain offices PART 2 OVERSEAS ELECTORS AND EU CITIZENS Overseas electors 14 Extension of franchise for parliamentary elections: British citizens overseas Voting and candidacy rights of EU citizens 15 Voting and candidacy rights of EU citizens PART 3 THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION Strategy and policy statement 16 Strategy and policy statement 17 Examination of duty to have regard to strategy and policy statement Membership of the Speaker’s Committee 18 Membership of the Speaker’s Committee Criminal proceedings 19 Criminal proceedings PART 4 REGULATION OF EXPENDITURE Notional expenditure of candidates and others 20 Notional expenditure: use of property etc on behalf of candidates and others 21 Codes of practice on expenses 22 Authorised persons not required to pay expenses through election agent Registration of parties etc 23 Declaration of assets and liabilities to be provided on application for registration 24 Prohibition on entities being registered political parties and recognised third parties at same time 25 Section 24: transitional provision Elections Act 2022 (c. | Great Britain Electoral Law |
| 19 | For purposes of this section— (1) the term “broadcasting station” includes a community antenna television system; and (2) the terms “licensee” and “station licensee” when used with respect to a community antenna television system mean the operator of such system. VOTING AND ELECTIONS Chapter 301—Federal Election Campaigns Subchapter 1—Disclosure of Federal Campaign Funds § 30101. | USA Electoral Law |
| 20 | The Commission shall— (1) prescribe forms necessary to implement this Act; (2) prepare, publish, and furnish to all persons required to file reports and statements under this Act a manual recommending uniform methods of bookkeeping and reporting; (3) develop a filing, coding, and cross-indexing system consistent with the purposes of this Act. VOTING AND ELECTIONS Chapter 301—Federal Election Campaigns Subchapter 1—Disclosure of Federal Campaign Funds § 30101. | USA Electoral Law |
| 21 | (c) Subsections (a) and (b) shall not apply with respect to any State that, as determined by the Commission, has a system that permits electronic access to, and duplication of, reports and statements that are filed with the Commission. VOTING AND ELECTIONS Chapter 301—Federal Election Campaigns Subchapter 1—Disclosure of Federal Campaign Funds § 30101. | USA Electoral Law |
| 22 | This section shall not prohibit or make unlawful any act by any officer or employee of any educational or research institution, establishment, agency, or system which is supported in whole or in part by any state or political subdivision thereof, or by the District of Columbia or by any Territory or Possession of the United States; or by any recognized religious, philanthropic or cultural organization. VOTING AND ELECTIONS Chapter 301—Federal Election Campaigns Subchapter 1—Disclosure of Federal Campaign Funds § 30101. | USA Electoral Law |
| 23 | System of election commissions The system of election commissions consists of: Central Election Commission; regional, sub-regional and city election commissions; district election commissions; precinct election commission. General provisions Article 1. | Uzbekistan Electoral Law |
| 24 | Powers of the Central Election Commission Central Election Commission shall: head the system of election commissions formed for conducting the elections of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, carries out the control over the execution of the present Code throughout the Republic of Uzbekistan, ensure its uniform application; announce the start of the election campaign on the election of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, deputies of the Legislative Chamber and local Kengashes; provide methodological support for the activities of election commissions, within its powers, adopts resolutions, approves instructions and regulations, provides clarifications on the organization of elections; provide general guidance and coordination of activities on the implementation of Information management system of the electoral process and the use of a Single electronic list of voters of the Republic of Uzbekistan (hereinafter — the Single electronic list of voters); form election constituencies for the election of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and deputies of the Legislative Chamber; resolve the matters of assigning polling stations formed under the diplomatic and other representations of the Republic of Uzbekistan in foreign countries to the relevant election constituencies; form the district election commissions for elections of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and deputies of the Legislative Chamber and publish information about their location; establish the procedure for introducing amendments to the composition of election commissions; cancel the decisions of the territorial election commissions either independently or upon the presentation of the General Prosecutor of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in the case if these decisions contravene with the present Code; issue mandates to the observers from foreign states, international organizations at elections; develop and approve the expenditure budget for the preparation and conduct of elections, distribute funds to election commissions, including the financing of political parties’ participation in elections, supervise the provision of election commissions with premises, transport and communication facilities, consider other matters related to material and technical support of elections; determine a sample mandate for observers of political parties, citizens’ self-governing bodies, representatives of mass media, observers from other states, international organizations; make decision on admission of political parties to participate in the elections on the basis of the submitted documents; accept relevant documents from the political parties nominating candidates for the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and deputies of the Legislative Chamber; register candidates for the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and candidates for deputies of the Legislative Chamber, organize publication of the lists of registered candidates and information on them in the press and issuance of certificates for them; register the proxies of candidates for President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and issue them certificates; provide equal conditions of participation at the elections for candidates to the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and candidates to deputy of the Legislative Chamber; establish samples and forms of ballot papers on the election of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, deputies of the Legislative Chamber and members of the Senate, voter lists, signature lists, protocols of election commissions and other documents, ballot boxes and seals of election commissions, determines their storage order. General provisions Article 1. | Uzbekistan Electoral Law |
| 25 | Voter lists shall be made based on data of Information system on formation of a Single electronic list of voters. General provisions Article 1. | Uzbekistan Electoral Law |
| 26 | Requirements for equipping of buildings, premises of precinct election commissions and premises for voting Premises of precinct election commissions shall be equipped accordingly and have: National flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan (above the building and indoors); National emblem of the Republic of Uzbekistan (inside the building); sign board indicating the sequence number of polling station; booths or rooms for secret ballot; ballot boxes; specially equipped secret ballot booths for persons with disabilities, if necessary; separate places for observers; banners on the election date; map of the polling station; information on the composition, work plan, duty schedule of members of the precinct election commission; a special stand where information on the preparation and conduct of elections is placed: biographies and programs of all registered candidates published by the Central Election Commission, regional, sub-regional, city election commission; necessary furniture, office equipment (telephone, printer, computers connected to the Internet and having access to the Information management system of the election process, safe, office supplies); fire-fighting equipment. General provisions Article 1. | Uzbekistan Electoral Law |
| 27 | The electoral system is the 'simple majority' system. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 28 | The British legal system provides some remedies to deal with human rights abuses. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 29 | The outcome of some cases has led to changes in British law to improve human rights, for example the abolition of corporal punishment in state schools and improved rights for prisoners.Britain is not a party to the Convention's Fourth Protocol (Freedom of Movement) because of inconsistency with some aspects of the United Kingdom immigration control system nor the Sixth Protocol (abolition of the death penalty). The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 30 | Its purpose is to persuade these people - selected under a points system - to remain in Hong Kong so that the territory can remain stable and prosperous up to the change to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 and beyond. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 31 | (6) A fundamental reform of the vocational qualifications system is being undertaken by the National Council for Vocational Qualifications. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 32 | It aims to develop a system of nationally recognized vocational qualifications based on standards of workplace competence set by employers. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 33 | (7) The social security system aims to provide financial help to people who are elderly, sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed or bringing up children. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 34 | The system includes contributory national insurance benefits covering sickness, invalidity, unemployment, widowhood, and retirement. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 35 | Another part of the system consists of non-contributory benefits such as child benefit paid for every child in a family and a range of benefits for severely disabled people and those looking after them. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 36 | (4) The state education system is free, but a small proportion of children attend private fee-paying schools. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 37 | Conventions are rules and practices which are not legally enforceable but which are regarded as indispensable to the working of government; many are derived from the historical events through which the British system of government has evolved. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 38 | The system of party government helps to ensure thatParliament legislates with its responsibility to the electorate in mind. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 39 | The simple majority system of voting is used. The Act known as the Bill of Rights 1689 deals with the exercise of the royal prerogative and succession to the Crown. | United Kingdom Constitution |
| 40 | The principle of the separation of power into the legislative, executive and judicial authorities shall underlie the system of state authority in the Republic of Uzbekistan. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Chapter I. | Uzbekistan Constitution |
| 41 | International treaties of the Republic of Uzbekistan, along with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law, shall be an integral part of the legal system of the Republic of Uzbekistan. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Chapter I. | Uzbekistan Constitution |
| 42 | The formation and functioning of political parties and other non-profit non-governmental organizations, aiming to do the following, shall be prohibited: changing the existing constitutional system by force, coming out against state sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of Uzbekistan, advocating war and social, national, racial and religious hostility, or encroaching on the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, encroaching on the health and morality of the people, as well as armed associations and political parties based on the national and religious principles. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Chapter I. | Uzbekistan Constitution |
| 43 | The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall: 1) take responsibility for the conduct of effective economic, social, financial, money and credit policies; the development and realization of programs on development of science, culture, education, healthcare and other areas of economy and social sphere; 2) take measures to ensure sustainable economic growth, macroeconomic stability, poverty reduction, creation of decent living conditions for the population, food security, creation of a favorable investment climate, integrated and sustainable development of territories; 3) ensure the effective functioning of the system of social protection of the population, including persons with disabilities; 4) ensure the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of environmental protection, conservation of natural wealth and biological diversity, combating climate change, epidemics, pandemics, mitigating their consequences; 5) ensure the implementation of the state youth policy, takes measures to support, strengthen and protect the family, preserve traditional family values; 6) take measures to support the institutions of civil society, ensure their participation in the development and implementation of programs for socio-economic development and social partnership; 7) take measures to protect economic, social and other rights and legitimate interests of citizens; 8) ensure the implementation of the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, decisions of the chambers of the Oliy Majlis, decrees, resolutions and orders of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan; 9) coordinate and directs the work of executive authorities, exercises control over their activities in the manner prescribed by law; 10) take measures to ensure openness and transparency, legality and efficiency in the work of executive authorities, countering corruption in their activities, improving the quality and accessibility of public services; 11) represent the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan annual report on the most important issues of the socio-economic life of the country; 12) exercise other powers provided for by this Constitution and laws. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Chapter I. | Uzbekistan Constitution |
| 44 | The self-governing bodies of citizens shall not be included in the system of state authorities and, in accordance with the law, and shall have the right to independently resolve issues of local importance, based on the interests of citizens, historical features of development, as well as national values, local customs and traditions. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Chapter I. | Uzbekistan Constitution |
| 45 | The judicial system and the procedure for the activities of courts in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be determined by law. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Chapter I. | Uzbekistan Constitution |
| 46 | The Prosecutor General of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall direct the centralized system of bodies of the prosecutor’s office. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Chapter I. | Uzbekistan Constitution |
| 47 | The banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan consists of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan and banks. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Chapter I. | Uzbekistan Constitution |
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